By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis
Describe cellular events during meiosis
Explain the differences between meiosis and mitosis
Explain the mechanisms within meiosis that generate genetic variation among the products of meiosis
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Explain the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes in dominant and recessive gene systems
Develop a Punnett square to calculate the expected proportions of genotypes and phenotypes in a monohybrid cross
Explain the purpose and methods of a test cross
Identify non-Mendelian inheritance patterns such as incomplete dominance, codominance, recessive lethals, multiple alleles, and sex linkage
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Explain Mendel’s law of segregation and independent assortment in terms of genetics and the events of meiosis
Use the forked-line method and the probability rules to calculate the probability of genotypes and phenotypes from multiple gene crosses
Explain the effect of linkage and recombination on gamete genotypes
Explain the phenotypic outcomes of epistatic effects between genes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe the scientific reasons for the success of Mendel’s experimental work
Describe the expected outcomes of monohybrid crosses involving dominant and recessive alleles
Apply the sum and product rules to calculate probabilities
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe how a karyogram is created
Explain how nondisjunction leads to disorders in chromosome number
Compare disorders caused by aneuploidy
Describe how errors in chromosome structure occur through inversions and translocations
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Discuss Sutton’s Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
Describe genetic linkage
Explain the process of homologous recombination, or crossing over
Describe how chromosome maps are created
Calculate the distances between three genes on a chromosome using a three-point test cross
Biology is designed for multi-semester biology courses for science majors. It is grounded on an evolutionary basis and includes exciting features that highlight careers in the biological sciences and everyday applications of the concepts at hand. To meet the needs of today’s instructors and students, some content has been strategically condensed while maintaining the overall scope and coverage of traditional texts for this course. Instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. Biology also includes an innovative art program that incorporates critical thinking and clicker questions to help students understand—and apply—key concepts.
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Explain how the binding of a ligand initiates signal transduction throughout a cell
Recognize the role of phosphorylation in the transmission of intracellular signals
Evaluate the role of second messengers in signal transmission
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe how signaling pathways direct protein expression, cellular metabolism, and cell growth
Identify the function of PKC in signal transduction pathways
Recognize the role of apoptosis in the development and maintenance of a healthy organism
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe four types of signaling found in multicellular organisms
Compare internal receptors with cell-surface receptors
Recognize the relationship between a ligand’s structure and its mechanism of action
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe how single-celled yeasts use cell signaling to communicate with one another
Relate the role of quorum sensing to the ability of some bacteria to form biofilms
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe how cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth
Understand how proto-oncogenes are normal cell genes that, when mutated, become oncogenes
Describe how tumor suppressors function
Explain how mutant tumor suppressors cause cancer
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes
Distinguish between chromosomes, genes, and traits
Describe the mechanisms of chromosome compaction
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Understand how the cell cycle is controlled by mechanisms both internal and external to the cell
Explain how the three internal control checkpoints occur at the end of G1, at the G2/M transition, and during metaphase
Describe the molecules that control the cell cycle through positive and negative regulation
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe the process of binary fission in prokaryotes
Explain how FtsZ and tubulin proteins are examples of homology
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe the three stages of interphase
Discuss the behavior of chromosomes during karyokinesis
Explain how the cytoplasmic content is divided during cytokinesis
Define the quiescent G0 phase