By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe the extracellular matrix
List examples of the ways that plant cells and animal cells communicate with adjacent cells
Summarize the roles of tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, and plasmodesmata
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe the structure of eukaryotic cells
Compare animal cells with plant cells
State the role of the plasma membrane
Summarize the functions of the major cell organelles
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Name examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
Compare and contrast prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
Describe the relative sizes of different kinds of cells
Explain why cells must be small
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe the role of cells in organisms
Compare and contrast light microscopy and electron microscopy
Summarize cell theory
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe the cytoskeleton
Compare the roles of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
Compare and contrast cilia and flagella
Summarize the differences among the components of prokaryotic cells, animal cells, and plant cells
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
List the components of the endomembrane system
Recognize the relationship between the endomembrane system and its functions
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Discuss the ways in which carbohydrate metabolic pathways, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle interrelate with protein and lipid metabolic pathways
Explain why metabolic pathways are not considered closed systems
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Discuss the importance of electrons in the transfer of energy in living systems
Explain how ATP is used by the cell as an energy source
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe the overall result in terms of molecules produced in the breakdown of glucose by glycolysis
Compare the output of glycolysis in terms of ATP molecules and NADH molecules produced
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Discuss the fundamental difference between anaerobic cellular respiration and fermentation
Describe the type of fermentation that readily occurs in animal cells and the conditions that initiate that fermentation
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Explain how a circular pathway, such as the citric acid cycle, fundamentally differs from a linear pathway, such as glycolysis
Describe how pyruvate, the product of glycolysis, is prepared for entry into the citric acid cycle
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe how electrons move through the electron transport chain and what happens to their energy levels
Explain how a proton (H+) gradient is established and maintained by the electron transport chain
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe how feedback inhibition would affect the production of an intermediate or product in a pathway
Identify the mechanism that controls the rate of the transport of electrons through the electron transport chain
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Explain the role of ATP as the cellular energy currency
Describe how energy is released through hydrolysis of ATP
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Explain what metabolic pathways are and describe the two major types of metabolic pathways
Discuss how chemical reactions play a role in energy transfer
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe the role of enzymes in metabolic pathways
Explain how enzymes function as molecular catalysts
Discuss enzyme regulation by various factors
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Define “energy”
Explain the difference between kinetic and potential energy
Discuss the concepts of free energy and activation energy
Describe endergonic and exergonic reactions