By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe the overall result in terms of molecules produced in the breakdown of glucose by glycolysis
Compare the output of glycolysis in terms of ATP molecules and NADH molecules produced
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Discuss the fundamental difference between anaerobic cellular respiration and fermentation
Describe the type of fermentation that readily occurs in animal cells and the conditions that initiate that fermentation
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Explain how a circular pathway, such as the citric acid cycle, fundamentally differs from a linear pathway, such as glycolysis
Describe how pyruvate, the product of glycolysis, is prepared for entry into the citric acid cycle
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe how electrons move through the electron transport chain and what happens to their energy levels
Explain how a proton (H+) gradient is established and maintained by the electron transport chain
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe how feedback inhibition would affect the production of an intermediate or product in a pathway
Identify the mechanism that controls the rate of the transport of electrons through the electron transport chain
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Explain the role of ATP as the cellular energy currency
Describe how energy is released through hydrolysis of ATP
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Explain what metabolic pathways are and describe the two major types of metabolic pathways
Discuss how chemical reactions play a role in energy transfer
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe the role of enzymes in metabolic pathways
Explain how enzymes function as molecular catalysts
Discuss enzyme regulation by various factors
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Define “energy”
Explain the difference between kinetic and potential energy
Discuss the concepts of free energy and activation energy
Describe endergonic and exergonic reactions
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Discuss the concept of entropy
Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Explain the relevance of photosynthesis to other living things
Describe the main structures involved in photosynthesis
Identify the substrates and products of photosynthesis
Summarize the process of photosynthesis
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Explain how plants absorb energy from sunlight
Describe short and long wavelengths of light
Describe how and where photosynthesis takes place within a plant
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe the Calvin cycle
Define carbon fixation
Explain how photosynthesis works in the energy cycle of all living organisms
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Understand how electrochemical gradients affect ions
Distinguish between primary active transport and secondary active transport
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe endocytosis, including phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis
Understand the process of exocytosis
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Understand the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes
Describe the functions of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates in membranes
Discuss membrane fluidity